ICanada inezindawo ezintathu zokulondoloza uwoyela ngobukhulu emhlabeni, iningi layo elitholakala ezihlabathini zikawoyela.Nakuba izihlabathi zikawoyela kanye nama-shale deposits kutholakala emhlabeni wonke, izihlabathi zikawoyela zase-Alberta zimanzi, okwenza ukuba kukhishwe itiyela kusetshenziswa amanzi ashisayo nje kuphela.Funda kabanzi mayelana nale diphozithi eyingqayizivele, nezinye zezakhiwo zayo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba.
Izihlabathi zikawoyela ziyidiphozi yesihlabathi exekethile equkethe uhlobo lwe-viscous lwe-petroleum eyaziwa ngokuthi yibitumen.Lezi zindawo ze-sandstone ezingahlanganisiwe zihlanganisa ngokuyinhloko isihlabathi, ubumba namanzi agcwele itiyela.Izihlabathi zamafutha ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi izihlabathi ze-tar noma izihlabathi ze-bituminous.
Ukwakheka okuqondile kwezihlabathi zikawoyela zase-Alberta kungahluka kakhulu, ngisho nangaphakathi kokwakheka okufanayo kokwakheka komhlaba.Idiphozi evamile yesihlabathi sikawoyela iqukethe cishe u-10% webitumen, amanzi angu-5% kanye nama-85% okuqinile.Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwebitumen kungaba phezulu ku-20% kwezinye izindawo.
Izinto eziqinile eziqukethwe ngaphakathi kwediphozi yesihlabathi samafutha ngokuvamile i-quartz silica sand (imvamisa engaphezu kuka-80%), enengxenye encane ye-potassium feldspar nobumba obuhle.Amaminerali obumba ngokuvamile ahlanganisa i-kaolinite, i-illite, i-chlorite ne-smectite.Amadiphozithi anokuqukethwe kwezinhlawulo eziphezulu avame ukuba nebitumen ephansi, futhi ngokuvamile abhekwa njengensimbi yekhwalithi ephansi.Izinhlawulo ziqukethwe phakathi nesigaba samanzi sediphozithi.
Amanzi angabuye ahluke kakhulu, ukusuka cishe ku-zero kuye ku-9%.Ngokuvamile, izigaba ezinamanzi aphakeme nazo zivame ukuba netiyela elincane kanye nezinhlawulo eziningi.Amanzi aqukethwe kwidiphozi yesihlabathi sikawoyela (ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi amanzi ayi-connate) ahamba nawo amaningana e-ion ancibilikayo, okuhlanganisa i-sodium, i-potassium, i-calcium, i-chloride ne-sulphate.Izinhlawulo zivame ukuqoqwa ndawonye ngaphakathi kwediphozithi, kwesinye isikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ilensi yobumba.
Ukuhlakanipha okuvamile ukuthi izinhlamvu zesihlabathi zimbozwe ungqimba lwamanzi, nakuba lo mbono ungakaze ufakazelwe.Amanzi, isihlabathi, ubumba kanye nebitumen kuxutshwe endaweni yokugcina amafutha.